Many believe that integration has failed. Immigrants in Sweden participate less not only in the labour market (and have lower wage levels), but they are also less involved in political debate, live in less prosperous areas and have more health problems than the native population. There is no simple explanation for this situation, but we can discern a number of factors that research has shown affect integration. While such national institutions as the welfare state affect people's experience in every country, they work for immigrants as a liaison to orient themselves in a new country. To get to know and adapt to new laws, regulations and bureaucratic rules are important for everyday life, because these factors ultimately determine immigrants’ opportunities.

Inclusive immigration and integration policies are also important, since integration rests on access to employment and participation in public life. The human capital (i.e., the training, skill...